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- <text id=89TT2726>
- <title>
- Oct. 16, 1989: American Ideas
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Oct. 16, 1989 The Ivory Trail
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- AMERICAN IDEAS, Page 17
- Shock Incarceration
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A Dose of Discipline for First Offenders
- </p>
- <p>Paramilitary treatment humiliates young criminals -- but does it
- work?
- </p>
- <p>By Joseph J. Kane
- </p>
- <p> Time was when what used to be called juvenile delinquents
- were offered a stark choice: join the service or go to jail. A
- dose of military discipline was supposed to make a man out of
- a boy and set him on the path to respectable citizenship. But
- the all-volunteer armed forces eliminated that option for what
- are now called youthful offenders. In a growing number of
- states, however, the purported benefits of paramilitary
- discipline are being showered on young criminals through
- programs known as "shock incarceration."
- </p>
- <p> Nine states have such programs, and 30 more are considering
- them. They have also become a key idea in drug czar William
- Bennett's war on illicit substances. Usually the programs fence
- off parts of state prisons into "boot camps," where
- 17-to-25-year-old first offenders convicted of drug or property
- crimes are held for three to six months. Between head shaving,
- close-order drills and servile work, the youthful felons are
- screamed and hollered at by correctional officers skilled in the
- art of humiliation. They are compelled to rise at dawn, eat
- meals in silence, speak only when spoken to ("Sir, yessir"). The
- hope is that the rough treatment they experience will produce
- a permanent "change of attitude" that will survive after the
- inmates are released.
- </p>
- <p> A typical boot camp is the Al Burruss Correctional Training
- Center in Forsyth, Ga., where 150 inmates are housed in
- two-level, spartan, modern facilities. A scene one recent
- morning: correctional officer Eddie Cash greets burglar Robert
- Parker and three other new inmates with a stream of profane
- abuse.
- </p>
- <p> "Let's get something straight right now, chumps. Anything
- you do in the next 90 days must go through me," shouts Cash,
- from a distance of no more than four inches from Parker's ear.
- "I am God around here, and I am going to see to it that none of
- you ever gets out of here. You've got a problem with me. I am
- a certified psycho. I hate this job, and I hate you. I got too
- much responsibility for a psycho." The tirade continues. "You're
- in here for burglary," he shrieks at Parker. "You are stupid,
- you know that? I wish it had been my house. You'd be pushing
- daisies right now. You don't want to tick me off 'cause I'll
- snatch your head off and shove it down your throat."
- </p>
- <p> By now Cash is soaking with sweat and stomping the floor.
- His neck veins are popping and his eyes are bulging as he works
- his way from inmate to inmate, delivering a series of
- blistering, nose-to-nose tongue-lashings. At the end of Cash's
- 45-minute outburst, the frightened inmates run right out of
- their shoes into a dressing room -- and another bout of
- humiliation. As if on cue, an aide shows up with electric
- clippers and shaves the young men's heads. The inmates then
- strip naked, and an assistant sprays them with delousing fluid.
- All the while, Cash keeps up his string of personal insults.
- </p>
- <p> The new inmates soon become immersed in the boot-camp
- routine. The day begins at 5 a.m., when correctional officer
- Robert Richards mashes down on a bank of toggle switches,
- unlocking the cell doors. "On line, on line, let's go!" he
- shouts, as bleary-eyed inmates appear at attention in the
- doorways. Then there is cell clean-up, a shower and marching off
- to breakfast. Any inmate who deviates even slightly from the
- prescribed regimentation is ordered to drop to the ground and
- "give me 50" -- meaning 50 push-ups.
- </p>
- <p> The remainder of the day is filled with menial labor:
- whacking weeds, swabbing floors, painting walls, marching in
- formation. As they half-step, an officer asks, "What is the word
- for the day?" The platoon answers, "Self-discipline. We like it.
- We love it. We want more of it, sir!" At 10 p.m., it is lights
- out.
- </p>
- <p> "We really don't want to show them any respect," says Cash
- as one platoon trudges by. "Why should we? They are criminals.
- Most dropped out of the tenth grade. They come to us and then
- go back to their old environment. The inmate will be in that
- environment longer than he will be with us. This program is
- definitely worth having unless I see a better way. It is better
- than warehousing them and teaching them to be better criminals."
- </p>
- <p> The big question is, Does any of this work? In Georgia,
- where boot camps were invented in 1983, boosters claim that it
- costs only $3,400 to house and revamp one inmate in 90 days, in
- contrast to the $15,000 annual bill for housing a prisoner in
- the state penitentiary. Boot camps provide one unquestioned
- benefit: they get the youthful offenders off the street and give
- them a taste of the debasement of prison life while offering
- them a startling "one last chance" to straighten out.
- </p>
- <p> But in Georgia, experts say 35% of boot-camp graduates are
- back in prison within three years, roughly the same rate as for
- those paroled from the general prison population. Blitzing young
- people into acceptable behavior through terror has been tried
- before and has failed. Ohio experimented with "shock probation"
- in 1965, sentencing first offenders to the penitentiary for 90
- days. The disastrous results were indolence, sodomy and
- violence. Prisoners at the East Jersey State Prison in Rahway
- played real-life roles in which they confronted juvenile
- offenders on probation to demonstrate the violence behind the
- walls. Subsequent studies by Rutgers University showed that the
- 1978 film Scared Straight frightened the lesser punks into
- proper living, but the more sophisticated toughs came to view
- the inmates as role models.
- </p>
- <p> The inherent fault with such scare tactics, says David C.
- Evans, Georgia's commissioner of corrections, is expecting too
- much from them. Says he: "Too many middle-class whites see it
- as the answer, a panacea." But with minimal counseling or
- after-shock guidance, the boot-camp experience "is just a car
- wash for criminals who are supposed to be cleansed for life,"
- says Pat Gilliard, executive director of the Clearinghouse on
- Georgia Prisons and Jails. Edward J. Loughran, commissioner of
- the department of youth services in Massachusetts, dismisses the
- whole idea of shock therapy because "you cannot undo 15 to 17
- years of a life of abuse by barking into a kid's face and having
- him do push-ups."
- </p>
- <p> Drug czar Bennett agrees with those correctional officers
- who believe shock incarceration is no cure-all for street crime,
- though it can help "build character." It seems to have the most
- effect on nonviolent young men for whom crime has not become a
- hardened way of life. The program appears to work best for
- youngsters who might have been helped just as much by a resolute
- kick in the pants and some productive community service and
- victim reparation. Perhaps that is a more realistic way of
- coping with the burgeoning problem of youthful crime.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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